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Philosophy of Science 2024 poster:

When Race Matters in Medicine: The Case of Estimating GFR

Joel Velasco and Brad Snodgrass 

• powerpoint
• pdf

Velasco and Snodgrass 2022 paper:

• The Use of Race in eGFR: Why Racial Justice Requires Accuracy. American Journal of Medicine (2021) 134(7): P827-828. 
  

Historical papers:

• Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene T, Rogers N, Roth D. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group: A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:461-470. 
• Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:604-12. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006

Calls to remove race:

• Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS: Hidden in plain sight — reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383:874-82. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmms2004740 [[survey of many algorithms in medicine thatuse race]]
• Eneanya ND, Boulware LE, Tsai J, et al.: Health inequities and the inappropriate use of race in nephrology. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022, 18:84-94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-021-00501-8
• Roberts DE: Abolish race correction. Lancet. 2021, 397:17-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32716-1
• Gopalakrishnan C, Patorno E: Time to end the misuse of race in medicine: cases from nephrology . BMJ. 2021, 375:2435. 10.1136/bmj.n2435
• Norris KC, Eneanya ND, Boulware LE: Removal of race from estimates of kidney function: First, do no harm . JAMA. 2021, 325:135-7. 10.1001/jama.2020.23373

Task Force papers:

• Delgado C, Baweja M, Burrows NR, et al.: Reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney diseases: an interim report from the NKF-ASN TaskForce. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021, 78:103-15. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.03.008 
• Delgado, C. et al. A unifying approach for GFR estimation: recommendations of the NKF-ASN task force on reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2021070988 (2021).
• Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. New creatinine- and cystatin C–based GFR estimating equations without race. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1737-49.
• Aklilu A, Delgado C. The removal of race from kidney function estimation: Key points for primary providers. J Natl Med Assoc. 2022 Jun;114(3S2):S25-S33. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2022.05.008. Epub 2022 May 18. PMID: 35595580.

Genetic Ancestry and kidney function:

• Hsu CY, Yang W, Parikh RV, et al.: Race, genetic ancestry, and estimating kidney function in CKD . N Engl J Med. 2021, 385:1750-60. 10.1056/NEJMoa2103753
• Udler MS, Nadkarni GN, Belbin G, et al.: Effect of genetic african ancestry on eGFR and kidney disease . J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015, 26:1682-92. 10.1681/ASN.2014050474
• Mariño-Ramírez L, Sharma S, Rishishwar L, et al.: Effects of genetic ancestry and socioeconomic deprivation on ethnic differences in serum creatinine. Gene. 2022, 837:146709. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146709.

Review paper criticizing race removal:

• Williams P. Retaining Race in Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Cureus. 2023 Sep 11;15(9):e45054. doi: 10.7759/cureus.45054. PMID: 37701164; PMCID: PMC10495104.